Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that affects attention, impulse control, and activity level. While symptoms begin in childhood, ADHD is not just a childhood disorder. It can continue through adolescence and into adulthood.

ADHD can make it difficult to pay attention, control impulsive behaviors, or remain still when expected. Some individuals may also feel restless and almost constantly active.

What Is ADHD?

ADHD is characterized by an ongoing pattern of symptoms that interfere with functioning or development. These symptoms generally fall into three categories:

• Inattention (difficulty paying attention)

• Hyperactivity (being overactive)

• Impulsivity (acting without thinking)

Individuals may experience symptoms in one or more of these areas.

Signs of Inattention

Symptoms of inattention may include:

• Overlooking or missing details and making careless mistakes

• Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks, conversations, or reading

• Appearing not to listen when spoken to directly

• Failing to follow through on instructions or finish tasks

• Difficulty organizing tasks and activities

• Avoiding tasks requiring sustained mental effort

• Losing items necessary for tasks (e.g., keys, paperwork, tools)

• Being easily distracted

• Forgetfulness in daily

These symptoms can affect performance at school, work, or in daily responsibilities.

Signs of Hyperactivity and Impulsivity

Hyperactivity and impulsivity may include:

• Fidgeting or squirming while seated

• Leaving one’s seat when remaining seated is expected

• Running or climbing in inappropriate situations

• Feeling restless (especially in teens and adults)

• Difficulty engaging quietly in activities

• Talking excessively

• Blurting out answers before a question is completed

• Difficulty waiting one’s turn

• Interrupting or intruding on others

In adolescents and adults, hyperactivity may present more as internal restlessness than overt physical activity.

What Causes ADHD?

Research suggests that ADHD may result from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Possible contributing factors include:

• Genetic influences

• Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, or drug use during pregnancy

• Exposure to environmental toxins such as lead

• Low birth weight

• Brain injuries

Like many health conditions, ADHD likely results from multiple contributing factors.

Diagnosis

Showing signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has ADHD. Other conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and certain learning disabilities, may present with similar symptoms.

Diagnosis should be made by a qualified health care professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, primary care provider, or pediatrician.

Treatment Options

Although there is no cure for ADHD, available treatments can reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Treatment plans often include medication, behavioral strategies, education, therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Medication

Stimulants are typically the first line of treatment. These medications increase dopamine levels in the brain, which plays an important role in thinking and attention.

Non-stimulants may also be used, particularly if stimulants are not effective or cause unwanted side effects. Examples include atomoxetine and guanfacine.

In some cases, antidepressants are used in adults with ADHD, though they are not specifically FDA-approved for this condition.

Medication should be monitored carefully by a prescribing provider. Dosage adjustments or changes may be necessary to find the most effective option.

Therapy and Support

Research suggests that therapy alone may not eliminate core ADHD symptoms, but it can help individuals and families better manage daily challenges.

For children and teens:

• Structured routines and schedules

• Organizational tools

• Positive reinforcement strategies

For adults:

• Breaking large tasks into smaller steps

• Establishing consistent routines

• Developing practical organization systems.

Parent training, stress management strategies, and support groups may also be helpful.

Educational Support

Some children with ADHD qualify for special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Schools may provide accommodations or adjustments to help students succeed academically.

When to Seek Help

If symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity are ongoing and negatively affecting daily life, it may be helpful to consult a qualified health care professional for evaluation.

Early identification and appropriate treatment can significantly improve functioning and quality of life.